Membahas tema Pajajaran Kingdom memang cukup mengasyikan,
untuk itu saya ingin ikut berkomentar atau urun pendapat
yang berkaitan dengan tema tersebut sekalian mencoba
menjawab pertanyaannya Bung Suryawan. Mengingat pertanyaan
diajukan cukup sederhana dan menunjukan Bung Suryawan masih
awan akan tema ini maka saya harus memulainya dari awal.
Terus terang saja perlu saya katakan bahwa kalau Bung Suryawan
masih bertanya apakah ada tidaknya kerajaan tersebut, sementara
para pemerhati sejarah sudah melewatkan phase tersebut.
Pertanyaan yang muncul bukan itu lagi, melainkan "apa yang harus
kami cari atau temukan lagi serta bagaimana merunut hubungan
kerajaan Pajajaran dengan kerajaan-kerajaan Jawa kuno".
Meskipun demikian hal tersebut tidak menjadi masalah bahkan
saya haturkan rasa salut atas interes Anda terhadap
Kerajaan Pajajaran.
Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa dalam merunut suatu sejarah
diperlukan bahan-bahan sebagai barang bukti. Adapun bahan-bahan
tersebut yaitu (diurut berdasarkan prioritasnya) :
- prasasti atau bukti peninggalan
- naskah-naskah, baik naskah sejarah, naskah sastra, naskah agama,
babad dan hikayat.
Dari kompenen-komponen tersebut, semua komponen yang bisa dijadikan
barang bukti bahwa kerajaan Pajajaran ada, sudah didapatkan.
I. Prasasti
Prasasti Batutulis Lawang Gintung sebagai sebagai prasasti yang
sangat mendukung akan eksistensi kerajaan Pajajaran.
Kompleks Prasasti Batutulis yang luasnya 17 x 15 meter terletak
di desa batutulis, lebih kurang 2 km dari pusat Kota Bogor.
Batu Prasasti dan benda-benda lain peninggalan kerajaan Pajajaran
terdapt dalam komplek ini. Pada batu ini berukir kalimat-kalimat
dengan huruf Sunda Kawi. Diukir oleh Prabu Surawisesa pada tahun
1533 Masehi (1455-Saka) dengan maksud memperingati jasa aahandanya
Sri Baduga Maharaja atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Prabu
Siliwangi yang sakti.
Sri Baduga Maharaja adalah raja Pajajajran terbesar yang memerintah
tahun 1482-1521 masehi (1404+1443 Saka). Prasasti Batutulis ini
adalah tempat untuk melakukan upacara penobatan raja-raja pajajaran
dibawah kekuasaan Prabu Siliwangi (1482-1521).
Dalam transkripsi prasasti batu tulis disebutkan bahwa raja
Pajajaran membuat :
1. Tugu peringatan (sasakala) berupa bukit ==> telah ditemukan
2. ngabalay (membuat jalan) ==> telah ditemukan
3. Hutan Samida (hutan larangan) ==> telah ditemukan
4. Telaga Sanghyang Rena Mahawijaya ==> masih dalam pencarian
Disamping prasasti tersebut telah ditemukan pula bukti peninggalan
sejarah lainnya seperti :
=> Di daerah Serpong yaitu perbatasan antara kecamatan Gunung Sindur
di daerah Kab. Bogor ini dengan Kab. Tanggerang telah diketemukan
beberapa benda dan tulisan-tulisan kuno di atas daun lontar.
=> Di daerah dalam Kebun Raya Bogor, pernah diketemukan lima buah
arca, diduga dari daerah Jawa Tengah atau Jawa Timur, empat buah
pahat,
arca Parwati dari batu, Raksasa, Garuda, Kepala Budha dan Relief.
=> Di sekitar Batutulis, telah diketemukan bekas-bekas tembok Istana
pajajaran, antara lain di Bantar Peuteuy.
=> Di Lawang Gintung, yaitu ditepi Sungai Pakancilan diketemukan
beberapa batu yg kasar dan satu fragmen dari mahadewa.
=> Di Pamoyanan, diketemukan batu dalam bentuk Lingga.
=> Di Kota Batu(daerah Ciapus) diketemukan tempat pemandian, di mana
terdapat batu pipih dan batu seperti tiang dengan tinggi 1 m.
=> Di Gunung Salak diatas Ciapus, diketemukan teras-teras dari batu
alam baik di Puncak Kramat maupun di Gunung Gajah.
=> Di Ciawi-Seuseupan, ada arca dari batu yang berasal dari Madiun
dan tiga buah kampak.
=> Di dekat perkebunan besar Cikopo Selatan, ada beberapa arca
Polynesia yang kasar dan dinamakan arca Domas.
=> Di Gunung Galuga (perbatasan Cibatok menuju Leuwiliang) terdapat
tumpukan batu-batu besar yang kasar seperti "hunnebed" atau makam-
makam
batu tumpang. "Batu Tumpang" menurut pendapat orang adalah
pimpinannya,
dinamakan Ranggagadin.
=> Di Gunung Cibodas, Pasir Simalang dekat Ciampea, ada beberapa arca
besar dan kasar diantaranya raksasa yg dinamakan Pak Dato, semua arca
bercorak Pajajaran. Selain itu diketemukan pula arca singa dari
perunggu.
=> Prasasti cicatih (terletak di atas batu dekat sungai cicatih,
cibadak – sukabumi 1030 M) Di sungai cicatih terdapat pula sebuah
tempat suci bernama "Sanghyang Tapak" Di sebelah timur "Sanghyang
Tapak" terdapat "Tepek". "Tepek" adalah daerah larangan (hutan
terlarang) dan dijaga oleh "pohaci", "pohaci" adalah perempuan yang
titisannya menjadi istri-istri ratu di pakwan pajajaran.
Prasasti koleksi Museum Adam Malik Jakarta, ikut memperkuat dugaan
adanya kesinambungan Kerajaan Pasundan dengan Kerajaan Mataram Hindu
di Jawa Tengah. Bahkan bila dikaitkan dengan temuan-temuan prasasti
di Jawa Barat termasuk temuan tahun 90-an, prasasti ini ikut memberi
titik terang sejarah klasik di Tanah Pasundan.
Prasasti Huludayueh yang ditemukan di Cirebon tahun 1990 mengisahkan
bahwa antara abad 10 sampai 12 hidup seorang Raja bernama Pakuan.
Sebelum itu ditemukan prasasti di Tasikmalaya yang dikenal dengan
prasasti Rumatak. Prasasti berangka tahun 1.030 ini mengisahkan
bahwa pada masa itu hidup seorang Raja Jaya Bupati.
II. Naskah-naskah
(diambil dari salah satu harian beberapa tahun lalu - kondisi saat
ini mungkin sudah berubah).
Dari sejumlah naskah yang ada, 95 naskah ditulis dalam huruf Sunda
Kuno, 438 ditulis dalam huruf Sunda-Jawa, 1.060 ditulis dengan huruf
Arab (Pegon) dan 311 naskah lainnya ditulis dengan huruf Latin.
Selain itu masih ada 144 naskah yang menggunakan dua macam aksara
atau lebih, yakni Sunda-Jawa, Arab dan Latin.
Sebagian naskah-naskah ini tersimpan di musium-musium baik dalam
negeri maupun luar negeri serta rumah-rumah penduduk atau tempat-
tempat tertentu yang dikeramatkan karena naskah dianggap sebagai
barang sakral, pemegangnya juga orang tertentu saja.
Naskah Sanghyang Siksa Kanda Ng Karesian yang selesai disusun
tahun 1518 M dan naskah Carita Bujangga Manik yang dibuat akhir
abad ke-15 atau awal abad ke-16 dan ditulis di atas daun lontar
dan daun palem. Naskah ini disusun pada zaman Kerajaan Sunda-Pajajaran
masih ada dan berkembang. Karena itu, dilihat dari kacamata sejarah,
kedua naskah tersebut bisa jadi sumber primer. Sedangkan naskah-naskah
lainnya yang disusun setelah Kerajaan Sunda-Pajajaran runtuh termasuk
sumber sekunder. Kerajaan Sunda-Pajajaran runtuh pada tahun 1579.
Lontar yang ditemukan tahun 1962 ini mengisahkan tentang raja-raja
Tanah Galuh Jawa Barat (bagian dari Pajajaran). Salah satu lontar
dari Carita Parahiyangan yang belum diketahui angka tahunnya itu di
antaranya menyebut nama Sanjaya sebagai pencetus generasi baru yang
dikenal dengan Dewa Raja.
Babad tanah Sunda dan tanah jawi.
Baik babad tanah Sunda maupun babad tanah jawi sangat mendukung akan
eksistensi kerajaan Pajajaran. Pada babad tanah Sunda diceritakan
tentang negara Pajajaran dan pangeran Walangsungsang yang mendirikan
kerajaan Cirebon. Sementara pada babad tanah jawi dituliskan pula
silsilah raja-raja Pajajaran.
Sejarah Sunda sangat boleh jadi berbeda dibanding sejarah etnis
lain di Indonesia karena daerah ini tidak banyak mewariskan
peninggalan berupa prasasti atau candi, tetapi lebih banyak berupa
naskah yang kini tersimpan di museum atau tempat-tempat lainnya. Di
Perpustakaan Nasional saja misalnya, terdapat 89 naskah Sunda Kuno
sedangkan yang sudah dikerjakan barulah tujuh naskah (tahun 94).
Selanjutnya saya akan menjawab tanggapan Bung Suryawan yang terdahulu
di posting saya yang kedua.
Wallahualam Bishawab,
Wassalamu'alaikum wr wb,
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Kerajaan Islam Sumedang Larang
Sejarah Sumedang Larang
Seorang resi keturunan dari Galuh datang ke sebuah kawasan di pinggiran sungai Cimanuk, daerah Cipaku, Kecamatan Darmaraja, Sumedang sekarang. Kehadiran Resi yang bernama Prabu Guru Aji Putih ini, membawa perubahan-perubahan dalam tata kehidupan masyarakat setempat, yaitu telah ada dan dirintisoleh Prabu Agung Cakrabuana sejak abada ke delapan.
Secara perlahan-lahan dusun-dusun sekitar pinggiran sungai Cimanuk diikat oleh struktur pemerintahan dan kemasyarakatan. hingga berdirilah Kerajaan Tembong Agung sebagai cikal bakal kerajaan tersebut di Kampung Muhara, Desa Leuwihideung, Kecamatan Darmaraja sekarang. Prabu Guru Aji Putih berputra Prabu Tajimalela. Menurut perbandingan generasi, dalam kropak 410, Prabu Tajimalela sezaman dengan tokoh Rgamulya (1340 - 1350) penguasa Kawali dan tokoh Suradewata, Ayahanda Batara Gunung bitung Majalengka.
Prabu Tajimalela naik tahta menggantikan ayahnya pada mangsa poek taun saka. Menurut Cerita rakyat, kepemimpinan Prabu Tajimalela sangat menaruh perhatian pada bidang pertanian di sepanjang tepian sungai Cimanuk, peternakan dipusatkan di paniis Cieunteung dan pemeliharaan ikan di Pengerucuk (Situraja).
Pada masa kekuasaan pernah terjadi pemberontakan disekitar Gunung Cakrabuana yang dilakukan oleh Gagak Sangkur. Terjadilah perang sengit antara wadia balad Gagak Sangkur dengan Prabu Tajimalela dengan kemenangan di pihak Prabu Tajimalela dan Gagak Sangkur dapat ditaklukan.
Gagak Sangkur menyatakan ingin mengabdi kepada Prabu Tajimalela. Kemudian dilantik menjadi patih. Setelah itu, untuk menyempurnakan ilmunya Prabu Tajimalela meninggalkan Keraton untuk melakukan tapabrata, untuk memperoleh petunjuk dan kukatan dari Yang Gaib, yang dikiaskan dalam ungkapan : Sideku sinuku tunggal mapat pancadria, diamparan boeh rarang, lelembutan ngajorang alam awang-awang, ngungsi angkeuhan nu can katimu.
Pada saat itulah kemudian ia tiba-tiba mengucapkan kata : Insun Medal Mandangan yang kemudian menjadi populer dengan sebutan Sumedang. Tahta kerajaan Sumedang Larang dari Prabu Tajimalela dilanjutkan oleh Prabu Gajah Agung, yang berkedudukan di pinggir kali Cipeles dengan gelar Prabu Pagulingan sehingga darah tersbut saat ini di kenal sebagai nama Ciguling termasuk wilayah Kecamatan Sumedang Selatan. Prabu Pagulingan digantikan oleh putranya dengan Sunan Guling. Ia berputra bernama Ratnasih alias Nyi Rajamantri diperistri oleh Sribaduga Maharaja karena itu yang menggantikan Sunan Guling adalah adik Ratu Ratnasih bernama Mertalaya sebagai penguasa ke empat Sumedang Larang yang juga bergelar Sunan Guling.
Sunan Guling digantikan putranya Tirta Kusumah yang dikenal dengan nama Sunan Patuakan. Kemudian digantikan oleh adiknya Sintawati atau lebih dikenal dengan Nyi Mas Patuakan. Ratu Sintawati berjodoh dengan Sunan Gorenda, Raja Talaga putra Ratu Simbar Kecana dari Kusumalaya, putra Dea Biskala. Dengan demikian ia menjadi cucu menantu penguasa Galuh.
Sunan Gorenda mempunyai dua istri : Mayangsari Langlangbuana dari Kuningan dan Sintawati dari Sumedang. Dari Sintawati putri sulung Sunan Guling ini, Sunan Gorenda dikaruniai seorang putri bernama Setyasih, yang kemudian bergelar Ratu Pucuk Umum.
Ratu Pucuk Umum menikah dengan Ki Gedeng Sumedang yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Pangeran Santri putra Pangeran Palakaran, putra Maulana Abdurahman alias Pangeran Panjunan. Perkawinan Ratu Setyasih dengan Pangeran Santri inilah agama Islam mulai menyebar di Sumedang.
Dari perkawinan dengan Pangeran Santri, Ratu Pucuk Umum atau dikenal dengan nama Ratu Intan Dewata dikaruniai 6 (enam) orang putra, salah satunya Raden Angkawijaya, yang kemudian hari bergelar Prabu Guesan Ulun.
Pada 14 Syafar Tahun Jim Akhir kerajaan Padjajaran runtag (runtuh) akibat serangan laskar gabungan Islam Banten, Pangkungwati dan Angka. Runtuhnya Kerajaan Padjajaran waktu itu tidak lantas menyeret Sumedang Larang ikut runtuh pula, karena sebagai masyarakat Sumedang pada waktu itu sudah memeluk Islam. Dengan berakhirnya Kerajaan Sumedang, justru Sumedang Larang makin berkembang menjadi kerajaan yang berdaulat penuh.
Sebelum Prabu Siliwangi meninggalkan Padjajaran mengutus empat orang Kandagalante : Jayaperkosa, Sanghyang Hawu, Terong Peot, dan Nagganan untuk menyerahkan amanat kepada Prabu Geusan Ulun, yaitu pada dasarnya Kerajaan Sumedang Larang supaya menjadi penerus Kerajaan Padjajaran Mahkota dan atribut Kerajaan Padjajaran dibawa oleh Senapati Jayaperkosa dan diserahkan kepada Prabu Geusan Ulun yang merupakan legalitas kebesaran Kerajaan Sumedang Larang sebagai penerus Padjajaran.
Prabu Geusan Ulun yang dinobatkan pada 22 April 1578 adalah merupakan Raja Sumedang Larang terakhir, karena setelah itu Sumedang Larang berada di bawah naungan Mataram. Pangeran Ariasuradiwangsa dari Sumedang Larang sebagai penerus Geusan Ulun (putra dari Ratu Harisbaya) 1620 berangkat ke Mataram, untuk menyerahkan Sumedang Larang berada dibawah naungan Mataram. Dengan demikian sejak itulah Sumeang Larang terkenal dengan nama “Priangan” artinya berserah dengan hati yang suci. Kedudukan penguasa Sumedang Larang menjadi Bupati Wedana.
Tahun 1681 Bupati Wedana Sumedang yaitu Pangeran Rangga Gempol III Kusumahdinata yang dikenal dengan sebutan Pangeran Panembahan adalah Bupati Pertama yang berani menentang pemerintahan VOC, agar kembali dari merdeka dan berdaulat untuk kemudian mempersatukan kembali daerah-daerah sebagian yang pernah dikuasai oleh Pakuan Padjajaran pada zamannya.
Tahun1811 Bupati Wedana Pangeran Kusumahdinata IX atau dikenal dengan Pangeran Kornel dengan tegas menentang kerja Rodi yang dilakukan oleh VOC (Kompeni) VOC saat itu di pimpin oleh Gubernur Jendral H.W Daendels. Kerja Rodi membuat jalan dan menelan banyak korban ini membuka sarana lalulintas Anyer-Panarukan untuk mengangkut rempah-rempah.
Peristiwa pembuatan jalan ini terkenal sebagai Peristiwa Cadas Pangeran.
Tahun 1888 Bupati Pangeran Aria suriaatmaja atau dikenal juga sebagai Pangeran Mekah mengungkapkan kepada Belanda, bahwa Belanda harus memberikan kemerdekaan bagi bangsa Indonesia/Nusantara.
Hal ini dapat diketahui melalui literatur yang beliau tulis dalam buku dengan judul: “Ditiung memeh Hujan”
Pada zaman perjuangan kemerdekaan Indonesia di Jawa Barat, sewaktu pasukan-pasukan Divisi Siliwangi kembali Hijrah, tepatnya pada tanggal 11 April 1949 terjadi peristiwa-peristiwa bersejarah di Sumedang, di Kecamatan Buah Dua dan begitu juga di Kecamatan Situraja, pertempuran melawan tentara Belanda.
Pada era pembangunann mengisi kemerdekaan Indonesia tidak sedikit putra-putri Sumedang telah mengukir namanya dalam catatan tersendiri. Dari catatan tersebut Sumedang dapat disimpulkan sebagai kota yang menyimpan nilai sejarah bangsa dan tidak mustahil Sumedang akan terus melahirkan sejarah selanjutnya.
Untuk lebih jelas dan lengkapnya dapat dilihat di kitab cariosan prabu siliwangi di Museum Prabu Guesan Ulun Sumedang.
Seorang resi keturunan dari Galuh datang ke sebuah kawasan di pinggiran sungai Cimanuk, daerah Cipaku, Kecamatan Darmaraja, Sumedang sekarang. Kehadiran Resi yang bernama Prabu Guru Aji Putih ini, membawa perubahan-perubahan dalam tata kehidupan masyarakat setempat, yaitu telah ada dan dirintisoleh Prabu Agung Cakrabuana sejak abada ke delapan.
Secara perlahan-lahan dusun-dusun sekitar pinggiran sungai Cimanuk diikat oleh struktur pemerintahan dan kemasyarakatan. hingga berdirilah Kerajaan Tembong Agung sebagai cikal bakal kerajaan tersebut di Kampung Muhara, Desa Leuwihideung, Kecamatan Darmaraja sekarang. Prabu Guru Aji Putih berputra Prabu Tajimalela. Menurut perbandingan generasi, dalam kropak 410, Prabu Tajimalela sezaman dengan tokoh Rgamulya (1340 - 1350) penguasa Kawali dan tokoh Suradewata, Ayahanda Batara Gunung bitung Majalengka.
Prabu Tajimalela naik tahta menggantikan ayahnya pada mangsa poek taun saka. Menurut Cerita rakyat, kepemimpinan Prabu Tajimalela sangat menaruh perhatian pada bidang pertanian di sepanjang tepian sungai Cimanuk, peternakan dipusatkan di paniis Cieunteung dan pemeliharaan ikan di Pengerucuk (Situraja).
Pada masa kekuasaan pernah terjadi pemberontakan disekitar Gunung Cakrabuana yang dilakukan oleh Gagak Sangkur. Terjadilah perang sengit antara wadia balad Gagak Sangkur dengan Prabu Tajimalela dengan kemenangan di pihak Prabu Tajimalela dan Gagak Sangkur dapat ditaklukan.
Gagak Sangkur menyatakan ingin mengabdi kepada Prabu Tajimalela. Kemudian dilantik menjadi patih. Setelah itu, untuk menyempurnakan ilmunya Prabu Tajimalela meninggalkan Keraton untuk melakukan tapabrata, untuk memperoleh petunjuk dan kukatan dari Yang Gaib, yang dikiaskan dalam ungkapan : Sideku sinuku tunggal mapat pancadria, diamparan boeh rarang, lelembutan ngajorang alam awang-awang, ngungsi angkeuhan nu can katimu.
Pada saat itulah kemudian ia tiba-tiba mengucapkan kata : Insun Medal Mandangan yang kemudian menjadi populer dengan sebutan Sumedang. Tahta kerajaan Sumedang Larang dari Prabu Tajimalela dilanjutkan oleh Prabu Gajah Agung, yang berkedudukan di pinggir kali Cipeles dengan gelar Prabu Pagulingan sehingga darah tersbut saat ini di kenal sebagai nama Ciguling termasuk wilayah Kecamatan Sumedang Selatan. Prabu Pagulingan digantikan oleh putranya dengan Sunan Guling. Ia berputra bernama Ratnasih alias Nyi Rajamantri diperistri oleh Sribaduga Maharaja karena itu yang menggantikan Sunan Guling adalah adik Ratu Ratnasih bernama Mertalaya sebagai penguasa ke empat Sumedang Larang yang juga bergelar Sunan Guling.
Sunan Guling digantikan putranya Tirta Kusumah yang dikenal dengan nama Sunan Patuakan. Kemudian digantikan oleh adiknya Sintawati atau lebih dikenal dengan Nyi Mas Patuakan. Ratu Sintawati berjodoh dengan Sunan Gorenda, Raja Talaga putra Ratu Simbar Kecana dari Kusumalaya, putra Dea Biskala. Dengan demikian ia menjadi cucu menantu penguasa Galuh.
Sunan Gorenda mempunyai dua istri : Mayangsari Langlangbuana dari Kuningan dan Sintawati dari Sumedang. Dari Sintawati putri sulung Sunan Guling ini, Sunan Gorenda dikaruniai seorang putri bernama Setyasih, yang kemudian bergelar Ratu Pucuk Umum.
Ratu Pucuk Umum menikah dengan Ki Gedeng Sumedang yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Pangeran Santri putra Pangeran Palakaran, putra Maulana Abdurahman alias Pangeran Panjunan. Perkawinan Ratu Setyasih dengan Pangeran Santri inilah agama Islam mulai menyebar di Sumedang.
Dari perkawinan dengan Pangeran Santri, Ratu Pucuk Umum atau dikenal dengan nama Ratu Intan Dewata dikaruniai 6 (enam) orang putra, salah satunya Raden Angkawijaya, yang kemudian hari bergelar Prabu Guesan Ulun.
Pada 14 Syafar Tahun Jim Akhir kerajaan Padjajaran runtag (runtuh) akibat serangan laskar gabungan Islam Banten, Pangkungwati dan Angka. Runtuhnya Kerajaan Padjajaran waktu itu tidak lantas menyeret Sumedang Larang ikut runtuh pula, karena sebagai masyarakat Sumedang pada waktu itu sudah memeluk Islam. Dengan berakhirnya Kerajaan Sumedang, justru Sumedang Larang makin berkembang menjadi kerajaan yang berdaulat penuh.
Sebelum Prabu Siliwangi meninggalkan Padjajaran mengutus empat orang Kandagalante : Jayaperkosa, Sanghyang Hawu, Terong Peot, dan Nagganan untuk menyerahkan amanat kepada Prabu Geusan Ulun, yaitu pada dasarnya Kerajaan Sumedang Larang supaya menjadi penerus Kerajaan Padjajaran Mahkota dan atribut Kerajaan Padjajaran dibawa oleh Senapati Jayaperkosa dan diserahkan kepada Prabu Geusan Ulun yang merupakan legalitas kebesaran Kerajaan Sumedang Larang sebagai penerus Padjajaran.
Prabu Geusan Ulun yang dinobatkan pada 22 April 1578 adalah merupakan Raja Sumedang Larang terakhir, karena setelah itu Sumedang Larang berada di bawah naungan Mataram. Pangeran Ariasuradiwangsa dari Sumedang Larang sebagai penerus Geusan Ulun (putra dari Ratu Harisbaya) 1620 berangkat ke Mataram, untuk menyerahkan Sumedang Larang berada dibawah naungan Mataram. Dengan demikian sejak itulah Sumeang Larang terkenal dengan nama “Priangan” artinya berserah dengan hati yang suci. Kedudukan penguasa Sumedang Larang menjadi Bupati Wedana.
Tahun 1681 Bupati Wedana Sumedang yaitu Pangeran Rangga Gempol III Kusumahdinata yang dikenal dengan sebutan Pangeran Panembahan adalah Bupati Pertama yang berani menentang pemerintahan VOC, agar kembali dari merdeka dan berdaulat untuk kemudian mempersatukan kembali daerah-daerah sebagian yang pernah dikuasai oleh Pakuan Padjajaran pada zamannya.
Tahun1811 Bupati Wedana Pangeran Kusumahdinata IX atau dikenal dengan Pangeran Kornel dengan tegas menentang kerja Rodi yang dilakukan oleh VOC (Kompeni) VOC saat itu di pimpin oleh Gubernur Jendral H.W Daendels. Kerja Rodi membuat jalan dan menelan banyak korban ini membuka sarana lalulintas Anyer-Panarukan untuk mengangkut rempah-rempah.
Peristiwa pembuatan jalan ini terkenal sebagai Peristiwa Cadas Pangeran.
Tahun 1888 Bupati Pangeran Aria suriaatmaja atau dikenal juga sebagai Pangeran Mekah mengungkapkan kepada Belanda, bahwa Belanda harus memberikan kemerdekaan bagi bangsa Indonesia/Nusantara.
Hal ini dapat diketahui melalui literatur yang beliau tulis dalam buku dengan judul: “Ditiung memeh Hujan”
Pada zaman perjuangan kemerdekaan Indonesia di Jawa Barat, sewaktu pasukan-pasukan Divisi Siliwangi kembali Hijrah, tepatnya pada tanggal 11 April 1949 terjadi peristiwa-peristiwa bersejarah di Sumedang, di Kecamatan Buah Dua dan begitu juga di Kecamatan Situraja, pertempuran melawan tentara Belanda.
Pada era pembangunann mengisi kemerdekaan Indonesia tidak sedikit putra-putri Sumedang telah mengukir namanya dalam catatan tersendiri. Dari catatan tersebut Sumedang dapat disimpulkan sebagai kota yang menyimpan nilai sejarah bangsa dan tidak mustahil Sumedang akan terus melahirkan sejarah selanjutnya.
Untuk lebih jelas dan lengkapnya dapat dilihat di kitab cariosan prabu siliwangi di Museum Prabu Guesan Ulun Sumedang.
Kerajaan-kerajaan di Tanah Sunda
Menurut naskah “Pustaka Rayja-rayja I Bhumi Nusantara”, kerajaan di pulau Jawa adalah Salakanagara (artinya: negara perak). Salakanagara didirikan pada tahun 52 Saka (130/131 Masehi). Lokasi kerajaan tersebut dipercaya berada di Teluk Lada, kota Pandeglang, kota yang terkenal dengan hasil logamnya (Pandeglang dalam bahasa Sunda merupakan singkatan dari kata-kata panday dan geulang yang artinya pembuat gelang). Dr. Edi S. Ekajati, sejarawan Sunda, memperkirakan bahwa letak ibukota kerajaan tersebut adalah yang menjadi kota Merak sekarang (merak dalam bahasa Sunda artinya "membuat perak"). Sebagain lagi memperkirakan bahwa kerajaan tersebut terletak di sekitar Gunung Salak, berdasarkan pengucapan kata "Salaka" dan kata "Salak" yang hampir sama.
[[Berkas:Prsasti_tugu.jpg|thumb|upright|prasasti yang berumur 1600 tahun yang berasal dari zaman Purnawarman, raja Tarumanagara, yang ditemukan di Kelurahan Tugu, Jakarta. Adalah sangat mungkin bahwa Argyre atau Argyros pada ujung barat Iabadiou yang disebutkan Claudius Ptolemaeus Pelusiniensis (Ptolemy) dari Mesir (87-150 AD) dalam bukunya “Geographike Hypergesis” adalah Salakanagara.
Suatu laporan dari Cina pada tahun 132 menyebutkan Pien, raja Ye-tiau, meminjamkan stempel mas dan pita ungu kepada Tiao-Pien. Kata Ye-tiau ditafsirkan oleh G. Ferrand, seorang sejarawan Perancis, sebagai Javadwipa dan Tiao-pien merujuk kepada Dewawarman.
Kerajaan Salakanagara kemudian digantikan oleh kerajaan Tarumanagara.
[[Berkas:Prsasti_tugu.jpg|thumb|upright|prasasti yang berumur 1600 tahun yang berasal dari zaman Purnawarman, raja Tarumanagara, yang ditemukan di Kelurahan Tugu, Jakarta. Adalah sangat mungkin bahwa Argyre atau Argyros pada ujung barat Iabadiou yang disebutkan Claudius Ptolemaeus Pelusiniensis (Ptolemy) dari Mesir (87-150 AD) dalam bukunya “Geographike Hypergesis” adalah Salakanagara.
Suatu laporan dari Cina pada tahun 132 menyebutkan Pien, raja Ye-tiau, meminjamkan stempel mas dan pita ungu kepada Tiao-Pien. Kata Ye-tiau ditafsirkan oleh G. Ferrand, seorang sejarawan Perancis, sebagai Javadwipa dan Tiao-pien merujuk kepada Dewawarman.
Kerajaan Salakanagara kemudian digantikan oleh kerajaan Tarumanagara.
Wednesday, April 1, 2009
GOOD SEX IS GOOD FOR YOU
Good sex....Improves our health and may even contribute to our longevity."
Scientific evidence is accumulating support what many of us have suspected all along: good sex not only adds great enjoyment to our lives, but it also actually improves our health and may even contribute to our longevity.
In a new book called Sexual Healing, Dr. Paul Pearsall, Director of Behavioral Medicine at Detroit's Beaumont Hospital, writes that the joys and pleasures of living life and loving may provide us with something called an "intimacy inoculation" that actually protects us from disease.
Dr. Pearsall, who cites numerous other researchers, concludes, "Growing numbers of physicians now recognize that the health of the human heart depends not only on such factors as genetics, diet, and exercise, but also --to a large extent-- on the social and emotional health of the individual."
Sexual healing is achieved primarily through the daily challenge of maintaining a close, intimate relationship which, when accomplished, leads to balance between our health and healing systems.
Can lack of sexual intimacy create a risk factor for certain diseases? Dr. Pearsall cites research and his own clinical experience ndicating that sexual dissatisfaction seems to be prevalent prior to a heart attack in a high percentage of persons. Conversely, sexual contentment appears related to less severe migraine headaches, fewer and less-severe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome for women, and a reduction in symptoms related to chronic arthritis for both genders.
Although the exact biological mechanisms are not yet identified, many researchers are investigating how our thoughts, feelings, brain, immune system and sexual/genital system interact, influence each other, and affect our health. There may be an actual biological drive toward closeness, intimacy, and being connected to other human beings.
When we experience intimate, mutually caring sexual intimacy, we may experience a measurable change in neurochemicals and hormones that pour through the body and help promote health and healing.
Scientific evidence is accumulating support what many of us have suspected all along: good sex not only adds great enjoyment to our lives, but it also actually improves our health and may even contribute to our longevity.
In a new book called Sexual Healing, Dr. Paul Pearsall, Director of Behavioral Medicine at Detroit's Beaumont Hospital, writes that the joys and pleasures of living life and loving may provide us with something called an "intimacy inoculation" that actually protects us from disease.
Dr. Pearsall, who cites numerous other researchers, concludes, "Growing numbers of physicians now recognize that the health of the human heart depends not only on such factors as genetics, diet, and exercise, but also --to a large extent-- on the social and emotional health of the individual."
Sexual healing is achieved primarily through the daily challenge of maintaining a close, intimate relationship which, when accomplished, leads to balance between our health and healing systems.
Can lack of sexual intimacy create a risk factor for certain diseases? Dr. Pearsall cites research and his own clinical experience ndicating that sexual dissatisfaction seems to be prevalent prior to a heart attack in a high percentage of persons. Conversely, sexual contentment appears related to less severe migraine headaches, fewer and less-severe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome for women, and a reduction in symptoms related to chronic arthritis for both genders.
Although the exact biological mechanisms are not yet identified, many researchers are investigating how our thoughts, feelings, brain, immune system and sexual/genital system interact, influence each other, and affect our health. There may be an actual biological drive toward closeness, intimacy, and being connected to other human beings.
When we experience intimate, mutually caring sexual intimacy, we may experience a measurable change in neurochemicals and hormones that pour through the body and help promote health and healing.
Saturday, January 17, 2009
Independent Study Finds Replication Critical for Real-Time Business Solutions
As the value of data as a business asset grows, enterprises are increasingly finding they need to distribute and synchronize data bi-directionally between business-critical applications in real time. To do this, according to a recent survey conducted by Database Trends and Applications (DBTA) magazine, they are frequently relying on third-party database replication tools that provide functionality beyond what their database management systems’ embedded replication solutions can offer.
The DBTA survey looks at database replication tool usage among its subscribers, a broad group of database administrators, enterprise architects and IT managers from some of the world’s biggest companies. Respondents came from various industries—everything from financial services to healthcare to retail businesses—and are users of diverse database management platforms.
What the survey found, however, is that despite their diversity, many respondents agree: Replication is a critical piece of the real-time data management, data integration and business continuity puzzle.
Real-Time Replication Needs
Database replication has long been crucial to disaster recovery plans. When companies stand to lose millions of dollars as a result of system downtime, replication tools are a necessary safeguard to protect their ability to provide continuous availability for mission-critical applications and meet compliance requirements with a real-time copy of data ready at a secondary sight.
But replication has also become important for facilitating efficient reporting and data distribution processes. To deal with performance issues caused by exponential data growth, IT departments are using replication to copy data from transactional database systems onto separate reporting servers. This allows them to run processor-intensive reports against the reporting servers without affecting OLTP (online transaction processing) system performance. Replication ensures that these reports contain completely accurate and up-to-date information, because the tools capture all changes in the OLTP systems as they happen and copy them in real time to the report server.
Similarly, the DBTA survey found that real-time loading of existing data marts and data warehouses is becoming increasingly important. Because today’s managers need access to the latest business intelligence to make intra-day decisions, reports and applications that rely on replicated data must have access to the most current information.
In addition, enterprises are using replication tools to facilitate the exchange of data between multiple applications that need to operate on the same version of common data. Administrators use replication to automatically distribute and synchronize data between applications regardless of the database platforms being used by the applications.
The Heterogeneous Requirement
In fact, all enterprises rely on a range of applications, including third-party, home-grown and legacy software, to manage crucial business processes. Each of these applications may run on different database platforms, yet require replication and distribution of data among them. For many embedded database replication tools, this creates an insurmountable challenge.
For example, an application that uses data stored in an IBM DB2 system and uploads the results to a Sybase IQ server for real-time analysis and reporting requires a heterogeneous replication tool to move real-time copies of data between the systems. Many native replication tools that are built into a given database system simply aren’t designed to handle such heterogeneous data movement tasks.
The DBTA survey results support this finding. Although 77 percent of large corporations use native replication tools that automatically come with their database management system, 40 percent of these companies also rely on standalone, third-party tools to support heterogeneous environments, get access to specific features and/or gain greater performance.
Wall Street-Proven Replication Solution
To meet the challenges posed by growing enterprise needs for real-time replication in heterogeneous environments, many firms are turning to Sybase’s Replication Server. Sybase Replication Server was originally designed to meet the demands of some of the most complex data environments in the world—large Wall Street financial services firms. Now Sybase Replication Server has over 2,000 customers across all types of data-intensive industries worldwide.
Sybase Replication Server distributes and synchronizes data bi-directionally between business-critical applications in real time, automatically maintaining the most consistent, up-to-date data between Sybase and heterogeneous databases. It helps overcome today’s enterprise replication challenges by:
* Guaranteeing real-time data warehouse updates for reporting and analytics
* Eliminating costly discrepancies between unsynchronized applications
* Providing multi-site database disaster recovery solutions for high availability
* Preserving production system performance by offloading reporting to real-time report servers
* Sharing data among related applications in business processes
Sybase Replication Server also provides a common solution for both data movement and business continuity needs. This means database administrators only need to develop and maintain their skills for one replication tool rather than a different tool for each task and system.
For example, Metropolitan Health Group (MHG), one of South Africa’s leading providers of medical scheme administration and managed healthcare, relies on Sybase Replication Server to help it synchronize data—including management of membership information, medical claims processing, premium management and actuarial services—between its headquarters and satellite offices. “Our data management systems are as mission-critical as you can get,” says Rod Russell, the company’s infrastructure manager. “If they’re not up and running, we’re not up and running and neither are our clients.”
Sybase Replication Server helps MHG keep data synchronized, giving managers across the organization access to real-time information they need from all office locations. It also ensures business continuity in the event of a system failure, allowing MHG to meet its service-level agreements.
In today’s business environment, where moving data between diverse systems using an array of applications can provide a competitive edge, Sybase’s Replication Server is a key part of the data management toolkit.
The DBTA survey looks at database replication tool usage among its subscribers, a broad group of database administrators, enterprise architects and IT managers from some of the world’s biggest companies. Respondents came from various industries—everything from financial services to healthcare to retail businesses—and are users of diverse database management platforms.
What the survey found, however, is that despite their diversity, many respondents agree: Replication is a critical piece of the real-time data management, data integration and business continuity puzzle.
Real-Time Replication Needs
Database replication has long been crucial to disaster recovery plans. When companies stand to lose millions of dollars as a result of system downtime, replication tools are a necessary safeguard to protect their ability to provide continuous availability for mission-critical applications and meet compliance requirements with a real-time copy of data ready at a secondary sight.
But replication has also become important for facilitating efficient reporting and data distribution processes. To deal with performance issues caused by exponential data growth, IT departments are using replication to copy data from transactional database systems onto separate reporting servers. This allows them to run processor-intensive reports against the reporting servers without affecting OLTP (online transaction processing) system performance. Replication ensures that these reports contain completely accurate and up-to-date information, because the tools capture all changes in the OLTP systems as they happen and copy them in real time to the report server.
Similarly, the DBTA survey found that real-time loading of existing data marts and data warehouses is becoming increasingly important. Because today’s managers need access to the latest business intelligence to make intra-day decisions, reports and applications that rely on replicated data must have access to the most current information.
In addition, enterprises are using replication tools to facilitate the exchange of data between multiple applications that need to operate on the same version of common data. Administrators use replication to automatically distribute and synchronize data between applications regardless of the database platforms being used by the applications.
The Heterogeneous Requirement
In fact, all enterprises rely on a range of applications, including third-party, home-grown and legacy software, to manage crucial business processes. Each of these applications may run on different database platforms, yet require replication and distribution of data among them. For many embedded database replication tools, this creates an insurmountable challenge.
For example, an application that uses data stored in an IBM DB2 system and uploads the results to a Sybase IQ server for real-time analysis and reporting requires a heterogeneous replication tool to move real-time copies of data between the systems. Many native replication tools that are built into a given database system simply aren’t designed to handle such heterogeneous data movement tasks.
The DBTA survey results support this finding. Although 77 percent of large corporations use native replication tools that automatically come with their database management system, 40 percent of these companies also rely on standalone, third-party tools to support heterogeneous environments, get access to specific features and/or gain greater performance.
Wall Street-Proven Replication Solution
To meet the challenges posed by growing enterprise needs for real-time replication in heterogeneous environments, many firms are turning to Sybase’s Replication Server. Sybase Replication Server was originally designed to meet the demands of some of the most complex data environments in the world—large Wall Street financial services firms. Now Sybase Replication Server has over 2,000 customers across all types of data-intensive industries worldwide.
Sybase Replication Server distributes and synchronizes data bi-directionally between business-critical applications in real time, automatically maintaining the most consistent, up-to-date data between Sybase and heterogeneous databases. It helps overcome today’s enterprise replication challenges by:
* Guaranteeing real-time data warehouse updates for reporting and analytics
* Eliminating costly discrepancies between unsynchronized applications
* Providing multi-site database disaster recovery solutions for high availability
* Preserving production system performance by offloading reporting to real-time report servers
* Sharing data among related applications in business processes
Sybase Replication Server also provides a common solution for both data movement and business continuity needs. This means database administrators only need to develop and maintain their skills for one replication tool rather than a different tool for each task and system.
For example, Metropolitan Health Group (MHG), one of South Africa’s leading providers of medical scheme administration and managed healthcare, relies on Sybase Replication Server to help it synchronize data—including management of membership information, medical claims processing, premium management and actuarial services—between its headquarters and satellite offices. “Our data management systems are as mission-critical as you can get,” says Rod Russell, the company’s infrastructure manager. “If they’re not up and running, we’re not up and running and neither are our clients.”
Sybase Replication Server helps MHG keep data synchronized, giving managers across the organization access to real-time information they need from all office locations. It also ensures business continuity in the event of a system failure, allowing MHG to meet its service-level agreements.
In today’s business environment, where moving data between diverse systems using an array of applications can provide a competitive edge, Sybase’s Replication Server is a key part of the data management toolkit.
Thursday, December 11, 2008
Make Money Online
Anyone interested in starting an Internet business can choose from a variety of approaches and opportunities. Whether the choice is in the area of retail sales or on line marketing, the possibilities for profit for the hard working and savvy businessperson are certainly available. Some hopeful entrepreneurs have had success selling a product that they developed themselves. Talented individuals who have created original crafts or inventions may be able to successfully market these products on line. Of course, services can also be offered over the web and there are many websites make such services available. If selling original products or services does not sound appealing, on line marketing might be the answer. Affiliate programs give webmasters the opportunity to earn revenue through advertising and referrals. Linked ads that are placed on the entrepreneur's site can direct potential customers to various e commerce web pages. Affiliates can earn sales commissions when linking customers make purchases. Direct sales might be another option for those who are interested in starting an Internet business. This type of retail sales allows participants to market under the support of a direct sales company. Purchasing items at wholesale and creating an on line storefront can be another lucrative approach. On line auction houses also offer the possibility of earning income through a web based company. These and many other options could prove to be profitable alternatives for those who wish to build their own small business over the web.
Before beginning, a potential entrepreneur will need to understand the steps that are required for starting an Internet business. Research is an important first step. Checking out existing businesses is important because this will inform the individual of the kinds of goods and services that are already widely available. The next step is to develop a solid business program by mapping a plan of action out on paper. Seeking advice from entrepreneurs who have been successful at starting an Internet business can be helpful as well. Purchasing a domain name comes next along with purchasing a hosting space. Domain names are the basic web address that will take on line visitors to the e commerce site. A web host is an organization that keeps the files for a variety of other websites. Once a domain name is purchased, it must be registered. It is important that a domain name reflects the product or service that is being offered. For example, if a company is marketing primitive folk art products, the words folk art might be used effectively in the domain name. That way the e commerce website will be easier for potential customers to locate and remember. In general, simpler, more straight forward domain names are the most effective. Search engine optimization is another important concern. A well crafted domain name can make the website easier for a search engine to rank.
The tools that are required for starting an Internet business are relatively straight forward. Thankfully, these tools are not overly expensive when compared to the raw materials that are required for a brick and mortar venture. Obviously, a computer is an absolute necessity. A brand new computer is not required. A hopeful entrepreneur can begin their new venture on the family computer as long as the system is stable and dependable and not outdated. Of course , there may be additional software products that are needed along with a means of backing up important files. An Internet connection will be required as well. Dial up connections will not generally meet the needs of an on line company. Faster broadband connections are a must. A well planned e commerce website comes next. Along with all of these raw materials, the ability to accept payments on line must be established. An entrepreneur might choose to obtain a merchant account, allowing the company to accept payments from most major credit cards. A Paypal account is another option. These accounts will charge a fee for allowing money to be transferred to the e commerce merchant. A major benefit of starting an Internet business is that this is a simple way to operate a retail establishment that is open twenty four hours a day, seven days a week.
Finding a way to market the merchandise that is being offered is another challenge of starting an Internet business. Advertising on line is very important. The Internet can be a good place to sell products, but it is also a very crowded place. Discovering ways to stand out in the crowd is crucial. This may be done through affiliate marketing or through achieving a high search engine ranking. Success with on line businesses is usually about making connections with potential customers. The Bible talks about the value of friendship. A man that hath friends must shew himself friendly: and there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. (Proverbs 18:24)
The best product in the world will not sell if no one ever finds out about it. For this reason, marketing and advertising are very important when starting an Internet business. On line auction houses can be a good place to start since they already generate a good deal of web traffic. Stand alone e commerce sites face more of a challenge, but once they are successfully marketed,they can tend to make a bigger impression than merchandise that is offered on auction sites. Search engines can also be useful tools when it comes to directing customers to an e commerce site. Understanding all of these marketing concerns can help on line entrepreneurs achieve their dreams.
Before beginning, a potential entrepreneur will need to understand the steps that are required for starting an Internet business. Research is an important first step. Checking out existing businesses is important because this will inform the individual of the kinds of goods and services that are already widely available. The next step is to develop a solid business program by mapping a plan of action out on paper. Seeking advice from entrepreneurs who have been successful at starting an Internet business can be helpful as well. Purchasing a domain name comes next along with purchasing a hosting space. Domain names are the basic web address that will take on line visitors to the e commerce site. A web host is an organization that keeps the files for a variety of other websites. Once a domain name is purchased, it must be registered. It is important that a domain name reflects the product or service that is being offered. For example, if a company is marketing primitive folk art products, the words folk art might be used effectively in the domain name. That way the e commerce website will be easier for potential customers to locate and remember. In general, simpler, more straight forward domain names are the most effective. Search engine optimization is another important concern. A well crafted domain name can make the website easier for a search engine to rank.
The tools that are required for starting an Internet business are relatively straight forward. Thankfully, these tools are not overly expensive when compared to the raw materials that are required for a brick and mortar venture. Obviously, a computer is an absolute necessity. A brand new computer is not required. A hopeful entrepreneur can begin their new venture on the family computer as long as the system is stable and dependable and not outdated. Of course , there may be additional software products that are needed along with a means of backing up important files. An Internet connection will be required as well. Dial up connections will not generally meet the needs of an on line company. Faster broadband connections are a must. A well planned e commerce website comes next. Along with all of these raw materials, the ability to accept payments on line must be established. An entrepreneur might choose to obtain a merchant account, allowing the company to accept payments from most major credit cards. A Paypal account is another option. These accounts will charge a fee for allowing money to be transferred to the e commerce merchant. A major benefit of starting an Internet business is that this is a simple way to operate a retail establishment that is open twenty four hours a day, seven days a week.
Finding a way to market the merchandise that is being offered is another challenge of starting an Internet business. Advertising on line is very important. The Internet can be a good place to sell products, but it is also a very crowded place. Discovering ways to stand out in the crowd is crucial. This may be done through affiliate marketing or through achieving a high search engine ranking. Success with on line businesses is usually about making connections with potential customers. The Bible talks about the value of friendship. A man that hath friends must shew himself friendly: and there is a friend that sticketh closer than a brother. (Proverbs 18:24)
The best product in the world will not sell if no one ever finds out about it. For this reason, marketing and advertising are very important when starting an Internet business. On line auction houses can be a good place to start since they already generate a good deal of web traffic. Stand alone e commerce sites face more of a challenge, but once they are successfully marketed,they can tend to make a bigger impression than merchandise that is offered on auction sites. Search engines can also be useful tools when it comes to directing customers to an e commerce site. Understanding all of these marketing concerns can help on line entrepreneurs achieve their dreams.
Wednesday, July 11, 2007
Services Available Online
A flower with the power of rafraîcher your spirit. And the flowers delivered to your threshold can give this fresh feeling to no matter whom and particularly when they are a gift of surprised of liked one. People who had this experience can say it. If you have a so happy plan with the spirit, you must also discover the right florist for work. The florists are specialists in flowers and can help you much in the selection to the top of the good kind of flowers, the most aesthetic arrangement. A gifted florist who knows his work can propose arrangements coloured to animate your alive environment. The delivery of flower in a convenient way is perhaps the most important consideration when you wish to say it with flowers. Since the flowers are connected to the subjects of the heart, it is also important to have a kind of relationship with your florist: somebody who is worthy of confidence and understanding. Your florist should know the flowers as which are adapted for a particular occasion. And then once in an ordered way laid out, they can make a pretty image. The good thing is nowadays that you should not dare too much far with research from a good florist. Thanks to the Internet, the florists very good is accessible on line. You can sweep by some good sites and the images there will not only help you to choose the flowers but also the manner that you would like them arranged. Some sites offer special services, if you would like parcel deliveries of flower in the event of urgency. If it is not also pressing, the delivery of even-day is also available. The flowers are also available to the discounts special in some sites, as in some times of festival or in special seasons. It is often too difficult to resist of the offers as the latter and bus the Wilde Oscar suggests, our council would be that the only manner of treating such a temptation would be to him to pay
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